The database of rainfall thresholds for the possible occurrence of landslides was compiled through a thorough review of the existing literature on rainfall induced landslides. This section lists the main references collected.
References
Abramowitz M, Stegun IA (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards, John Wiley and Sons, 10th edition, New York, 1046 pp
Ahmad R (2003) Developing early warning systems in Jamaica: rainfall thresholds for hydrological hazards. National Disaster Management Conference, Ocho Rios, St Ann, Jamaica, 9-10 September 2003. at website: http://www.mona.uwi.edu/uds/rainhazards_files/frame.htm
Aleotti P (2004) A warning system for rainfall-induced shallow failures. Eng Geol 73: 247–265
Aleotti P, Baldelli P, Bellardone G, Quaranta N, Tresso F, Troisi C, Zani A (2002) Soil slips triggered by October 13-16, 2000 flooding event in the Piedmont Region (North West Italy): critical analysis of rainfall data. Geologia Tecnica e Ambientale 1: 15–25
Annunziati A, Focardi A, Focardi P, Martello S, Vannocci P (2000) Analysis of the rainfall thresholds that induced debris flows in the area of Apuan Alps – Tuscany, Italy (19 June 1996 storm). In: Proceeding of the EGS Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms. Maratea, Italy, 485–493
Arboleda RA, Martinez ML (1996) 1992 lahars in the Pasig-Potrero River system. In: Fire and mud: eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo (Newhall CG, Punongbayan RS, eds). Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City and University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1126 pp
Ayalew L (1999) The effect of seasonal rainfall on landslides in the highlands of Ethiopia. Bull Eng Geol Env 58: 9–19
Bacchini M, Zannoni A (2003) Relations between rainfall and triggering of debris-flow: a case study of Cancia (Dolomites, Northeastern Italy). Nat Hazard Earth Sys 3: 71–79
Barbero S, Rabuffetti D, Zaccagnino M (2004) Una metodologia per la definizione delle soglie pluviometriche a supporto dell’emissione dell’allertamento. In: Proceedings 29th Convegno Nazionale di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche. Trento: 7-10 September 2004, 211–217
Baum RL, Godt JW, Harp EL, McKenna JP (2005) Early warning of landslides for rail traffic between Seattle and Everett, Washington. In: Landslide Risk Management, Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Landslide Risk Management (Hungr O, Fell R, Couture R, Ebdrhardt E, eds). New York: A.A. Balkema, 731–740
Bell FG, Maud RR (2000) Landslides associated with the colluvial soils overlying the Natal Group in the greater Durban region of Natal, South Africa. Environ Geol 39(9): 1029–1038
Bhandari RK (1984) Simple & economical instrumentation and warning systems for landslides & other mass movements. In: Proceedings 4th International Symposium on Landslides. Toronto, Canada, 1: 251–305
Bhandari RK, Senanayake KS, Thayalan N (1991) Pitfalls in the prediction on landslide through rainfall data. In: Landslides (Bell DH, ed). Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 2: 887–890
Biafiore M, Braca G, De Blasio A, Martone M, Onorati G, Tranfaglia G (2002) Il monitoraggio ambientale dei territori campani a rischio di frane e di alluvioni: lo sviluppo della rete idropluviometrica del Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico Nazionale. Unpublished report.
Bolley S, Oliaro P (1999) Analisi dei debris flows in alcuni bacini campione dell’Alta Val Susa. Geoingegneria Ambientale e Mineraria, Marzo: 69–74
Brand EW, Premchitt J, Phillipson HB (1984) Relationship between rainfall and landslides in Hong Kong. In: Proceedings 4th International Symposium on Landslides. Toronto: 1: 377–384
Caine N (1980) The rainfall intensity-duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows. Geogr Ann A 62: 23–27
Calcaterra D, Parise M, Palma B, Pelella L (2000) The influence of meteoric events in triggering shallow landslides in pyroclastic deposits of Campania, Italy. In: Proceedings 8th International Symposium on Landslides, (Bromhead E, Dixon N, Ibsen ML, eds). Cardiff: A.A. Balkema, 1: 209–214
Campbell RH (1975) Soil slips, debris flows, and rainstorms in the Santa Monica Mountains and vicinity, southern California. In: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 851. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 51 pp
Cancelli A Nova R (1985) Landslides in soil debris cover triggered by rainstorms in Valtellina (central Alps - Italy). In: Proceedings 4th International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides. Tokyo: The Japan Geological Society, 267–272
Cannon SH (1988) Regional rainfall-threshold conditions for abundant debris-flow activity. In: Landslides, Floods, and Marine Effects of the Etorm of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay Region, California (Ellen SD, Wieczorek GF, eds). US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1434, 35–42
Cannon SH, Ellen SD (1985) Rainfall conditions for abundant debris avalanches, San Francisco Bay region, California. Calif Geol 38: 267–272
Cannon SH, Gartner JE (2005) Wildfire-related debris flow from a hazards perspective. In: Debris flow Hazards and Related Phenomena (Jakob M, Hungr O, eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 363–385
Canuti P, Focardi P, Garzonio CA (1985) Correlation between rainfall and landslides. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 32: 49–54
Cardinali M, Galli M, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Reichenbach P, Bartoccini P (2005, submitted) Rainfall induced landslides in December 2004 in South-Western Umbria, Central Italy. Nat Hazard Earth Sys Sci 6: 237–260
Ceriani M, Lauzi S, Padovan N (1992) Rainfall and landslides in the Alpine area of Lombardia Region, central Alps, Italy. In: Interpraevent Int. Symposium. Bern: 2: 9–20
Chien-Yuan C, Tien-Chien C, Fan-Chieh Y, Wen-Hui Y, Chun-Chieh T (2005) Rainfall duration and debris-flow initiated studies for real-time monitoring. Environ Geol 47: 715–724
Chleborad AF (2003) Preliminary Evaluation of a Precipitation Threshold for Anticipating the Occurrence of Landslides in the Seattle, Washington, Area, US Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-463
Clarizia M, Gullà G, Sorbino G (1996) Sui meccanismi di innesco dei soil slip. In: International Conference Prevention of Hydrogeological Hazards: the Role of Scientific Research (Luino F ed.). Alba: L'Artistica Savigliano pub, 1: 585–597
Coe JA, Kinner DA, Godt JW (submitted) Initiation conditions for runoff-generated debris flows at Chalk Cliffs, Central Colorado, USA.
Corominas J (2000) Landslides and climate. Keynote lecture- In: Proceedings 8th International Symposium on Landslides, (Bromhead E, Dixon N, Ibsen ML, eds). Cardiff: A.A. Balkema, 4: 1–33
Corominas J, Moya J (1996) Historical landslides in the Eastern Pyrenees and their relation to rainy events. In: Landslides (Chacon J, Irigaray C, Fernandez T, eds). Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 125–132
Corominas J, Moya J (1999) Reconstructing recent landslide activity in relation to rainfall in the Llobregat River basin, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. Geomorphology 30: 79–93
Corominas J, Ayala FJ, Cendrero A, Chacón J, Díaz de Terán JR, Gonzáles A, Moja J, Vilaplana JM (2005) Impacts on natural hazard of climatic origin. In ECCE Final Report: A Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts in Spain due to the Effects of Climate Change. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
http://www.mma.es/secciones/cambio_climatico/documentacion_cc/historicos_cc/pdf
/preliminary_assessment_impacts_full_2.pdf
Crosta GB (1989) A study of slope movements caused by heavy rainfall in Valtellina (Italy - July 1987). In: Proceedings 6th International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides ALPS 90 (Cancelli A, ed). Milano: Ricerca Scientifica ed Educazione Permanente, 79b: 247–258
Crosta GB, Frattini P (2001) Rainfall thresholds for triggering soil slips and debris flow. In: Proceedings 2nd EGS Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms (Mugnai A, Guzzetti F, Roth G, eds). Siena: 463–487
Crosta, GB, Frattini P (2003) Distributed modelling of shallow landslides triggered by intense rainfall. Nat Hazard Earth Sys Sci 3(1-2): 81–93
Crozier MJ (1986) Landslides: causes, consequences and environment. London: Croom Helm, 252 pp
Crozier MJ (1999) Prediction of rainfall-triggered landslides: a test of the antecedent water status model. Earth Surf Proc Land 24: 825–833
Crozier MJ, Eyles RJ (1980) Assessing the probability of rapid mass movement. In: Proceedings of 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics (Technical Groups, eds). Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 6: 247–251
D'Orsi R, D'Avila C, Ortigao JAR, Dias A, Moraes L, Santos MD (1997) Rio-Watch: the Rio de Janeiro landslide watch system. In: Proceedings of the 2nd PSL Pan-AM Symposium on Landslides. Rio de Janerio, 1: 21–30
De Vita P (2000) Fenomeni di instabilità della coperture piroclastiche dei monti Lattari, di Sarno e di Salerno (Campania) ed analisi degli eventi pluviometrici determinanti. Quaderni di Geologia Applicata, 7(2): 213–235
Endo T (1970) Probable distribution of the amount of rainfall causing landslides. Annual report, Hokkaido Branch, Govern. Forest Experiment Station, Sapporo, 123–136.
Floris M, Mari M, Romeo RW, Gori U (2004) Modelling of landslide-triggering factors – A case study in the Northern Apennines, Italy. In: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 104: Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe (Hack R, Azzam R, Charlier R, eds). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 745–753
Gabet EJ, Burbank DW, Putkonen JK, Pratt-Sitaula BA, Oiha T (2004) Rainfall thresholds for landsliding in the Himalayas of Nepal. Geomorphology 63: 131–143
Giannecchini R (2005) Rainfall triggering soil slips in the southern Apuane Alps (Tuscany, Italy). Adv Geosci 2: 21–24
Glade T, Crozier MJ, Smith P (2000) Applying probability determination to refine landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds using an empirical “Antecedent Daily Rainfall Model”. Pure Appl Geophys, 157(6/8): 1059–1079
Govi M, Mortara G, Sorzana P (1985) Eventi idrologici e frane. Geologia Applicata & Ingegneria 20(2): 359–375
Govi M, Sorzana PF (1980) Landslide susceptibility as function of critical rainfall amount in Piedmont basin (North-Western Italy). Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica 14: 43–60
Green WH, Ampt G (1911) Studies of soil physics. Part I. The flow of air and water through soils. J Agr Sci 4: 1–24
Guadagno FM (1991) Debris flows in the Campanian volcaniclastic soil (Southern Italy). In: Proceedings International Conference on slope stability. Isle of Wight: Thomas Telford, 125–130
Guidicini G, Iwasa OY (1977) Tentative correlation between rainfall and landslides in a humid tropical environment. Bull Int Ass Eng Geol 16: 13–20
Heyerdahl H, Harbitz CB, Domaas U, Sandersen F, Tronstad K, Nowacki F, Engen A, Kjekstad O, Dévoli G, Buezo SG, Diaz MR, Hernandez W (2003) Rainfall induced lahars in volcanic debris in Nicaragua and El Salvador: practical mitigation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Fast Slope Movements – Prediction and Prevention for risk Mitigation, IC-FSM2003. Naples: Patron Pub, 275–282
Hong Y, Hiura H, Shino K, Sassa K, Suemine A, Fukuoka H Wang G (2005) The influence of intense rainfall on the activity of large-scale crystalline schist landslides in Shikoku Island, Japan. Landslides 2(2): 97–105
Innes JL (1983) Debris flows. Prog Phys Geog 7: 469–501
Iverson RM (2000) Landslide triggering by rain infiltration. Water Resour Res 36(7): 1897–1910
Iwamoto M (1990) Standard amount of rainfall for warning from debris disaster. In: Proceedings 6th International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides ALPS 90 (Cancelli A, ed). Milano: Ricerca Scientifica ed Educazione Permanente, 79b: 77–88
Jakob M, Weatherly H (2003) A hydroclimatic threshold for landslide initiation on the North Shore Mountains of Vancouver, British Columbia. Geomorphology 54: 137–156
Jan CD, Chen CL (2005) Debris flows caused by Typhoon Herb in Taiwan. In: Debris flow Hazards and Related Phenomena (Jakob M, Hungr O, eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 363–385
Jibson RW (1989) Debris flow in southern Porto Rico. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 236, 29–55
Kanji MA, Massad F, Cruz PT (2003) Debris flows in areas of residual soils: occurrence and characteristics. International Workshop on Occurrence and Mechanisms of Flows in Natural Slopes and Earthfills. Iw-Flows2003, Sorrento: Associacione Geotecnica Italiana 2: 1–11
Keefer DK, Wilson RC, Mark RK, Brabb EE, Brown WM-III, Ellen SD, Harp EL, Wieczorek GF, Alger CS, Zatkin RS (1987) Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall. Science 238: 921–925
Kim SK, Hong WP, Kim YM (1991) Prediction of rainfall-triggered landslides in Korea. In: Landslides (Bell DH, ed). Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 2: 989–994
Larsen MC, Simon A (1993) A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid-tropical environment, Puerto Rico. Geogr Ann A 75(1-2): 13–23
Lumb P (1975) Slope failure in Hong Kong. Q J Eng Geol 8:31–65
Marchi L, Arattano M, Deganutti AM (2002) Ten years of debris-flow monitoring in the Moscardo Torrent (Italian Alps). Geomorphology 46: 1–17
Montgomery DR, Dietrich WE (1994) A physically based model for the topographic control of shallow landsliding. Water Resour Res 30(4): 1153–1171
Montgomery DR, Schmidt KM, Greenberg HM (2000) Forest clearing and regional landsliding. Geology 28(4): 311–314
Moser M, Hohensinn F (1983) Geotechnical aspects of soil slips in Alpine regions. Eng Geol 19: 185–211
New M, Hulme M, Jones P (1999) Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part I: Development of a 1961-90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J Climate 12: 829–856
Nilsen TH, Turner BL (1975) Influence of rainfall and ancient landslide deposits on recent landslides (1950-1971) in urban areas of Contra Costa County, California. US Geological Survey Bul 1388
Nilsen TH, Taylor FA, Brabb EE (1976) Recent landslides in Alamanda County, California (1940–71). US Geological Survey Bull 1398
Oberste-lehn D (1976) Slope stability of the Lomerias Muertas area, San Benito County, California. PhD, Stanford University, California
Onodera T, Yoshinaka R, Kazama H (1974) Slope failures caused by heavy rainfall in Japan. In: Proceedings 2nd International Congress of the Int Ass Eng Geol. San Paulo: 11: 1–10
Paronuzzi P, Coccolo A, Garlatti G (1998) Eventi meteorici critici e debris flows nei bacini montani del Friuli. L’Acqua, Sezione I/Memorie: 39–50
Pasuto A, Silvano S (1998). Rainfall as a triggering factor of shallow mass movements. A case study in the Dolomites, Italy. Environ Geol 35(2-3): 184-189
Pedrozzi G (2004) Triggering of landslides in Canton Ticino (Switzerland) and prediction by the rainfall intensità and duration method. Bull Eng Geol Environ 63(4): 281–291
Philip JR (1954) An infiltration equation with physical significance. Soil Sci 77(1): 153–157
Premchitt J, Brand EW, Chen PYM (1994) Rain-induced landslides in Hong Kong, 1972-1992. Asia Engineer, June, 43–51
Reichenbach P, Cardinali M, De Vita P, Guzzetti F (1998) Regional hydrological thresholds for landslides and floods in the Tiber River Basin (Central Italy). Environ Geol 35(2-3): 146–159
Rodolfo KS, Arguden AT (1991) Rain-lahar generation and sediment-delivery systems at Mayon Volcano, Philippines. In: Sedimentation in volcanic settings (Fisher RV, Smith GA, eds). Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 45: 71–88
Salvucci GD, Entekabi D (1994) Explicit expressions for Green-Ampt (Delta function diffusivity) infiltration rate and cumulative storage. Water Resour Res 30: 2661–2663
Sandersen F, Bakkehøi S, Hestnes E, Lied K (1996) The influence of meteorological factors on the initiation of debris flows, rockfalls, rockslides and rockmass stability. In: Landslides (Senneset, ed). Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 97–114
Sorriso-Valvo M, Agnesi V, Gullà G, Merende L, Antronico L, Di Maggio C, Filice E, Petrucci O, Tansi C (1994) Temporal and spatial occurrence of landsliding and correlation with precipitation time series in Montaldo Uffugo (Calabria) and Imera (Sicilia) areas. In: Temporal Occurrence and Forecasting of Landslides in the European Community (Casale R, Fantechi R, Flageollet JC, eds). Final Report 2: 825– 869
Tatizana C, Ogura M, Rocha M, Cerri LES (1987) Analise de correlacao entre chuvas e escorregamentos, Serra do Mar, Municipio de Cubatao. Proceedings 5th Congress Brasiler, Geol Eng San Paolo: 225–236
Terlien MTJ (1998) The determination of statistical and deterministic hydrological landslide-triggering thresholds. Environ Geol 35(2-3): 124–130
Tuñgol NM, Regalado MTM (1996) Rainfall, acoustic flow monitor records, and observed lahars of the Sacobia River in 1992. In: Fire and mud: eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo (Newhall CG, Punongbayan RS, eds). Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City and University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1126 pp
White ID, Mottershead DN, Harrison JJ (1996) Environmental Systems, 2nd Edition. London: Chapman & Hall, 616 pp
Wieczorek GF (1987) Effect of rainfall intensity and duration on debris flows in central Santa Cruz Mountains. In: Debris flow/avalanches: process, recognition, and mitigation (Costa JE, Wieczorek GF, eds). Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, 7: 93–104
Wieczorek GF (1996) Landslide triggering mechanisms. In: Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation (Turner AK, Schuster RL, eds). Washington DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Special Report, 76–90
Wieczorek GF, Glade T (2005) Climatic factors influencing occurrence of debris flows. In: Debris flow Hazards and Related Phenomena (Jakob M, Hungr O, eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 325–362
Wieczorek GF, Morgan BA, Campbell RH (2000) Debris flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Central Virginia. Environ Eng Geosci 6: 3–23
Wilson RC (1989) Rainstorms, pore pressures, and debris flows: a theoretical framework. In: Landslides in a semi-arid environment (Morton DM, Sadler PM, eds). California: Publications of the Inland Geological Society, 2: 101–117
Wilson RC (1997) Normalizing rainfall/debris-flow thresholds along the U. S. Pacific coast for long-term variations in precipitation climate. In: Proceedings 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazard Mitigation (Chen CL, ed). San Francisco: American Society of Civil Engineers, 32–43
Wilson RC (2000) Climatic variations in rainfall thresholds for debris-flows activity. In: Proceedings 1st Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms (Claps P, Siccardi F, eds). Maratea: 415–424
Wilson RC, Torikai JD, Ellen SD (1992) Development of rainfall thresholds for debris flows in the Honolulu District, Oahu. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-521, 45 pp
Wilson RC, Wieczorek GF (1995) Rainfall thresholds for the initiation of debris flow at La Honda, California. Environ Eng Geosci 1(1): 11–27
Wilson RC, Jayko AS (1997) Preliminary Maps Showing Rainfall Thresholds for Debris-Flow Activity, San Francisco Bay Region, California. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-745 F
Wu W, Sidle RC (1995) A distributed slope stability model for steep forested basins. Water Resour Res 31: 2097– 2110
Zezere JL, Rodrigues ML (2002) Rainfall thresholds for landsliding in Lisbon Area (Portugal). In: Landslides (Rybar J, Stemberk J, Wagner P, eds). Lisse: A.A. Balkema, 333–338
Zezere JL, Trigo RM, Trigo IF (2005) Shallow and deep landslides induced by rainfall in the Lisbon region (Portugal): assessment of relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Nat Hazard Earth Sys Sci 5: 331–344
Zimmermann M, Mani P, Gamma P, Gsteiger P, Heiniger O, Hunziker G (1997) Murganggefahr und Climaänderung - ein GIS-basierter Ansatz. In: Schlussbericht Nationalen Forschungs Programmes, NFP 31. Zürich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH, 161 pp
